In science, cybernetics is the study of control and communication in the animals and machines, based on the postulate that entropy and information are two sides of the same coin, in that just as information in a system is the measure of its degree of organization, so the entropy of a system is a measure of its degree of disorganization; and the one is “simply the negative of the other.” [1]

History
The theory of cybernetics was developed by American mathematician Norbert Wiener in the 1940s. English-born American investigative journalist Jeremy Campbell notes that American electrical engineer Claude Shannon may have first come across the notion of entropy from Wiener, whom Shannon studied under at MIT in the early 1930s.

In circa 1950, cybernetics was incorporated into Austrian biologist Ludwig Bertalanffy’s general systems theory. [2] French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss also, supposedly, gained his understanding of entropy from cybernetics in the 1950s.

In 1968, Robert Mueller used cybernetics to formulate a theory of mental entropy. [3] In 1998, American electrical engineer Richard Coren published a cybernetics theory of evolution. [4] The 2008 book Entropy of Mind and Negative Entropy by Italian psychiatrist Tullio Scrimali uses cybernetics. [5]

References
1. Wiener, Norber. (1948). Cybernetics - or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (pgs. 11-12). Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
2. Bertalanffy, Ludwig. (1968). General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications (pgs. 39-44). New York: George Braziller.
3. Mueller, Robert E. (1968). The Science of Art: The Cybernetics of Creative Communication, (pg. 67). Rapp & Whiting.
4. Coren, Richard L. (1998). Evolutionary Trajectory: the Growth of Information in the History and Future of Earth (ch. 7: Entropy, pgs 111-26). CRC Press.
5. Scrimali, Tullio. (2008). Entropy of Mind and Negative Entropy: A Cognitive and Complex Approach to Schizophrenia and its Therapy (terms: Freud, pgs. 157, 262, 395; Thermodynamics, pgs. 32-36, 214, 219, phrenentropy, pg. 14) . Karnac Books.

Further reading
● Wiener, Norber. (1950). The Human Uses of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society, (pgs. 26-27). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
● Corning, Peter A. (2005). Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics, and the Bioeconomics of Evolution. (pg. 337). University of Chicago Press.

External links
● Cybernetics – Wikipedia.