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Energetics
In science, energetics is the study of energy. In its original sense, energetics was a branch of mechanics or thermodynamics that dealt primarily with energy and its transformations. [1] In a modern sense, energetics is often considered as the study of the total energy relations and transformations of a physical, chemical, or biological system as understood according to particularly the conservation of energy. [2]
History
The term energetic was in use as early as 1728. [3] The term "energetics", defined as a branch of science, stems from the 1855 paper “Outlines of the Science of Energetics” by Scottish engineer and physicist William Rankine. [4] In this paper, Rankine defined energetics as “a science whose subjects are, material bodies and physical phenomena in general” and defined energy as “every state of a substance which constitutes a capacity for performing work.”
The outline of the science of energetics, proposed by Rankine, is parallel in theme, but far less rigorous in its mathematical generality, to the science of thermodynamics or “mechanical theory of heat” developed by German physicist Rudolf Clausius between 1850-65. As such, the term “energetics” is often found as an older synonym for thermodynamics. In the 1890s, for instance, German physical chemist Wilhelm Ostwald, after recently translating American mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs' On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances into French, styled Gibbs as the "founder of chemical energetics", whereas, in modern terms, Gibbs is known as the “founder of chemical thermodynamics”. [5]
The school of energetics, existing from 1890 to 1908, is a set of logic, attributed to German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald (the founder) and Austrian physicist Ernst Mach, that rejected the atomic hypothesis focusing instead on the law of conservation of energy and a belief that macroscopic energy levels were the only reality. [10] With the discovery of the atom, between 1897 and 1909, this school, however, soon became defunct.
Bioenergetics
In relation to the internal functioning of a biological entity, as in a living being, the term "bioenergetics" often refers to biological energy transformations, with focus on the body's energy currency, a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The logic of a biological energy science or bio-energetics traces to the 1941 work of German-born American biochemist Fritz Lippmann who established that the chemical energy set free in the breakdown of foodstuff (unless it generates heat) is transformed into a special kind of chemical energy, that is stored in the pyrophosphate bonds of ATP, before it is converted into other forms of energy, such as mechanical work in muscle or osmotic work in secreting glands. [8]
Because the subject of the thermodynamics internal to living bodies is relatively new, the name “bioenergetics” (vs. biothermodynamics) is often preferred and because of this, exiting textbooks and chapters on bioenergetics discuss the fundamental principles only sparsely using a language that often does not correspond to that used in standard thermodynamics textbooks. This has led to a difficulty in communications between biologists and the traditional thermodynamicists, physicists and engineers. [9]
In this sence, bioenergetics often refers to a simplified (first law or second law) version or synonym of biochemical thermodynamics or the thermodynamics of biochemistry. [6]
Other uses
In recent years, the term "energetics" has come to be associated with combinations of folk quantum mechanics, new age theories, energy medicines, acupuncture, and other well-being publications, having little relation to its original formulations. [7]
References
1. Energetics (article) - Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911 (Love-to-Know).
2. (a) Energetics (definition) - Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000, CD-ROM.
(b) Energetics (definition) - Dictionary.com 3. Chambers, Ephraim. (1728). Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences, (pg. 307). Vol. 1.
4. (a) Rankine, William. (1855). “Outlines of the Science of Energetics”, Presented to the Glasgow Philosophical Society.
(b) Smith, Crosbie. (1998). The Science of Energy - a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain, (pg. 2). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
5. (a) Willard Gibbs - Encyclopedia Britannica (1911).
(b) Boerio-Goates, Juliana, and Ott, J., Bevan. (2000). Chemical Thermodynamics - Principles and Applications, (pg. 1-2). New York: Elsevier Academic Press.
6. (a) Lehninger, Albert L. (1973). Bioenergetics - the Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformations (2nd ed.). London: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.
(b) Caplan, Roy S. and Essig Alvin. (1983). Bioenergetics and Linear Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics. Cambridge: London: Harvard University Press.
(c) Nicholls, David G. and Ferguson, Stuart J. (2001). Bioenergetics3 (2nd ed, 4th printing). New York: Academic Press.
7. (a) Callaway, Marguerite M. (2006). The Energetics of Business. Chicago: Lincoln Park Publications.
(b) Barlett, Richard. (2007). Matrix Energetics - the Science and Art of Transformation. Atria Books.
(c) Seem, Mark D., and Kaplan, Joan. (1987). Bodymind Energetics: Towards a Dynamic Model of Health. Healing Arts Press.
8. (a) Lippmann, Fritz. (1941). “Metabolic Generation and Utilization of Phosphate Bond Energy.” Adv. Enzymol. 1, 99.
(b) Krebs, H.A. and Kornberg, H.L. (1957). Energy Transformations in Living Matter - a Survey (with Appendix by K. Burton). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
9. Garby, Lars and Larsen, Poul S. (1995). Bioenegetics: Its Thermodynamic Foundations, (pg. xiii). Cambridge University Press.
10. (a) Loeb, Leonard B. (2004). The Kinetic Theory of Gases, (pg. 6). Dover.
(b) Feuer, Lewis S. (1982). Einstein and the Generations of Science, (pg. 332). Transactions Publishers.
(c) Porter, Neil A. (1998). Physics in Conflict, (pg. 88). CRC Press.
History
The term energetic was in use as early as 1728. [3] The term "energetics", defined as a branch of science, stems from the 1855 paper “Outlines of the Science of Energetics” by Scottish engineer and physicist William Rankine. [4] In this paper, Rankine defined energetics as “a science whose subjects are, material bodies and physical phenomena in general” and defined energy as “every state of a substance which constitutes a capacity for performing work.”
The outline of the science of energetics, proposed by Rankine, is parallel in theme, but far less rigorous in its mathematical generality, to the science of thermodynamics or “mechanical theory of heat” developed by German physicist Rudolf Clausius between 1850-65. As such, the term “energetics” is often found as an older synonym for thermodynamics. In the 1890s, for instance, German physical chemist Wilhelm Ostwald, after recently translating American mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs' On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances into French, styled Gibbs as the "founder of chemical energetics", whereas, in modern terms, Gibbs is known as the “founder of chemical thermodynamics”. [5]
The school of energetics, existing from 1890 to 1908, is a set of logic, attributed to German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald (the founder) and Austrian physicist Ernst Mach, that rejected the atomic hypothesis focusing instead on the law of conservation of energy and a belief that macroscopic energy levels were the only reality. [10] With the discovery of the atom, between 1897 and 1909, this school, however, soon became defunct.
Bioenergetics
In relation to the internal functioning of a biological entity, as in a living being, the term "bioenergetics" often refers to biological energy transformations, with focus on the body's energy currency, a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The logic of a biological energy science or bio-energetics traces to the 1941 work of German-born American biochemist Fritz Lippmann who established that the chemical energy set free in the breakdown of foodstuff (unless it generates heat) is transformed into a special kind of chemical energy, that is stored in the pyrophosphate bonds of ATP, before it is converted into other forms of energy, such as mechanical work in muscle or osmotic work in secreting glands. [8]
Because the subject of the thermodynamics internal to living bodies is relatively new, the name “bioenergetics” (vs. biothermodynamics) is often preferred and because of this, exiting textbooks and chapters on bioenergetics discuss the fundamental principles only sparsely using a language that often does not correspond to that used in standard thermodynamics textbooks. This has led to a difficulty in communications between biologists and the traditional thermodynamicists, physicists and engineers. [9]
In this sence, bioenergetics often refers to a simplified (first law or second law) version or synonym of biochemical thermodynamics or the thermodynamics of biochemistry. [6]
Other uses
In recent years, the term "energetics" has come to be associated with combinations of folk quantum mechanics, new age theories, energy medicines, acupuncture, and other well-being publications, having little relation to its original formulations. [7]
References
1. Energetics (article) - Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911 (Love-to-Know).
2. (a) Energetics (definition) - Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000, CD-ROM.
(b) Energetics (definition) - Dictionary.com 3. Chambers, Ephraim. (1728). Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences, (pg. 307). Vol. 1.
4. (a) Rankine, William. (1855). “Outlines of the Science of Energetics”, Presented to the Glasgow Philosophical Society.
(b) Smith, Crosbie. (1998). The Science of Energy - a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain, (pg. 2). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
5. (a) Willard Gibbs - Encyclopedia Britannica (1911).
(b) Boerio-Goates, Juliana, and Ott, J., Bevan. (2000). Chemical Thermodynamics - Principles and Applications, (pg. 1-2). New York: Elsevier Academic Press.
6. (a) Lehninger, Albert L. (1973). Bioenergetics - the Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformations (2nd ed.). London: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.
(b) Caplan, Roy S. and Essig Alvin. (1983). Bioenergetics and Linear Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics. Cambridge: London: Harvard University Press.
(c) Nicholls, David G. and Ferguson, Stuart J. (2001). Bioenergetics3 (2nd ed, 4th printing). New York: Academic Press.
7. (a) Callaway, Marguerite M. (2006). The Energetics of Business. Chicago: Lincoln Park Publications.
(b) Barlett, Richard. (2007). Matrix Energetics - the Science and Art of Transformation. Atria Books.
(c) Seem, Mark D., and Kaplan, Joan. (1987). Bodymind Energetics: Towards a Dynamic Model of Health. Healing Arts Press.
8. (a) Lippmann, Fritz. (1941). “Metabolic Generation and Utilization of Phosphate Bond Energy.” Adv. Enzymol. 1, 99.
(b) Krebs, H.A. and Kornberg, H.L. (1957). Energy Transformations in Living Matter - a Survey (with Appendix by K. Burton). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
9. Garby, Lars and Larsen, Poul S. (1995). Bioenegetics: Its Thermodynamic Foundations, (pg. xiii). Cambridge University Press.
10. (a) Loeb, Leonard B. (2004). The Kinetic Theory of Gases, (pg. 6). Dover.
(b) Feuer, Lewis S. (1982). Einstein and the Generations of Science, (pg. 332). Transactions Publishers.
(c) Porter, Neil A. (1998). Physics in Conflict, (pg. 88). CRC Press.
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