Evolution: from the formation of the hydrogen atom 13.7-billion-years ago to the formation of the human molecule 150,000-years ago.

In science, evolution is the slow gradual process of change from one form to another, as in the evolution of the universe from its earlier stages to its present state, or in the evolution of life on earth. [1]

Synthesis
The modern-day technically scientific correct term, for the outdated Darwinian term "evolution", is chemical "synthesis". In the human case, one says that over the last 14 billion years, the universe has synthesized "human molecules" products from hydrogen atoms reactants, through a sequenced step-by-step chemical mechanism.

Violations
Since nearly the initiation of thermodynamics, it has been argued that the laws of thermodynamics violate evolution. The following 2010 satire comment of Canadian writer Paul DesOrmmeaux is a humorous spin on this: [7]

“Evolution violates the second, third, fourth, and any future laws of thermodynamics that science types can dream up.”

The 1999 chapter “Does the Second Law of Thermodynamics Refute the New-Darwinian Synthesis?”, by Bruce Weber and David Depew, is one example of this perspective. [8]

A satirical 1882 depiction “man is but a worm” depiction of Charles Darwin’s 1859 theory of evolution, showing man evolving from monkey, which evolved from a worm, which evolved from "chaos", all overlayed on some kind of times meter, with Darwin (representative of father time) and some other man. [13]

A few examples of scientists, who are also creationism advocates, oo have publicly deprecated evolution as the violation of the second law include: Andrew McIntosh, Christopher Jordan, and Stuart Burgess. [11]

Common origin theories
In 1619, Italian lawyer-philosopher and ordained priest Lucilio Vanini was burned at the stake for proposing that humans evolved from apes. [5]

In 1786, German polymath Johann Goethe was the first to discover a universal principle of evolution, called by him "metamorphosis", in which, as German physician-physicist Hermann Helmholtz explains, in his 1853 essay “On Goethe’s Scientific Researches”, his studies of comparative botany and comparative anatomy led him to “a happy glimpse of an all-pervading law” of the conception that the differences in the anatomy different animals or morphology of different plants are to be “looked upon as variations from a common phase or type, induced by differences of habit, locality, or food.”

Goethe proved his theory that year by showing that humans have both an upper jaw-bone and an intermaxillary bone, just as do other canine animals, but that the two were fused in humans. In his 1809 Elective Affinities, he showed that evolution and the existence of human faculties originated in and goes all the way down to the chemical reaction level.

In 1801, French naturalist Jean-Baptista Lamarck proposed the doctrine that all species, including man, are descended from other species. [4]

In 1844, Scottish naturalist-geologist Robert Chambers anonymously published his Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, a very-controversial work, which introduced the lay public to the evolution view of life, albeit a work that remained anonymous until after Chamber’s death (1871), for fear of charges of atheism and materialism. [10

In 1859, English naturalist Charles Darwin published his now-famous Origins of Species, wherein he outlined the view that evolutionary change is the process of natural selection acting on randomly occurring variations. [2]

The last common ancestor, dubbed M 168, of all existing humans, according to genetic tracking.

Thermodynamics
From a thermodynamic evolution perspective, one can analyze the "process of change from one form to another" from a thermodynamic systems point of view, in which daily solar heat input actuates Carnot engine cycles according to which systems dynamically migrate or transform subtly, within each cycle, in structure, in the direction of free energy minimums due to the regulatory actions of the combined law of thermodynamics. From a sub-atomic or chemical point of view, one can study the process of form change through the logic of coupled chemical reactions, such as are evident in molecular evolution tables. [3]

In the 2008 book The Chemistry of Evolution: the Development of our Ecosystem, authors R.J.P. Williams and J.J.R. da Silva argue that a biological evolution is inadequate and should be accompanied with the thermodynamics universal views; that species evolution is a thermodynamics necessity to form energy efficient capturing and degradation systems, in which efficiency is rated as the system fitness. [12]

M168
According to genetic tracking of the the Y-chromosome, every single person alive today is descendant from a single man, known as "M168" who lived in and migrated out of the East African Rift Valley some 59,000 years ago. In other words, M168 is the last common human ancestor to all currently existing humans.

Public acceptance | Religion
This doctrine of evolution, that humans evolved from lower forms of life, as of 2005, has an average sixty-two percent public acceptance. [5] In the United States, the theory of creationism is believed over that of evolution (by a 60/40 difference).

Public acceptance of evolution (2005). [5]	A 2005 world belief, or non-belief (yellow), view on: God (purple), spirit or life force (light blue).

Human evolution timeline
The following evolution timeline video and diagram shows evolution lineage from the hydrogen atom to the human molecule:

See also
● Thermodynamic evolution
● Thermodynamics of Evolution (famous Ilya Prigogine article)

References
1. Clark, John O. E. (2004). The Essential Dictionary of Science. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.
2. Darwin, Charles. (1859). On the Origin of Species - by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray.
3. Thims, Libb. (2007). Human Chemistry (Volume One), (preview), (ch. 5: "Molecular Evolution", pgs. 121-146). Morrisville, NC: LuLu.
4. Darwin, Charles, Marcus, Hans. (1926). The Origin of Species (An Historical Sketch: on the Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, pgs. 4-17). Plain Label Books.
5. (a) Miller, Jon D., Scott, Eugenie C., Okamoto, Shinji. (2006). “Public Acceptance of Evolution”, Science 11, Aug. Vol. 313, pgs. 765-66.
(b) Anon. (2006). “Did Humans Evolve? Not Us, Say Americans”, The New York Times, Aug. 16.
6. (a) Discover Science Almanac (2004)
(b) Lucilio Vanini – Wikipedia.
7. DesOrmeaux, Paul. (2010). “Article” (14 Reasons Why Creationists are More Intelligently Designed than Evolutionists), Skeptical Inquirer, May/Jun (link).
8. Weber, Bruce H. and Depew, David J. (1999). “Does the Second Law of Thermodynamics Refute the New-Darwinian Synthesis?”, in: Sociobiology and Bioeconomics: the Theory of Evolution and Economic Theory (pgs. 50-78) by Peter Koslowski. Springer.
9. Wells, Spencer. (2002). The Journey of Man: a Genetic Odyssey (pgs. 182-83). Random House.
10. (a) Chambers, Robert. (1844). Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. W. & R. Chambers.
(b) Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation – Wikipedia.
(c) Robert Chambers – Wikipedia.
(d) Silver, Daniel S. (2007). “My Soul’s an Amphicheircal Knot: the Last Poem of James Clerk Maxwell”, SouthAlabama.edu.
11. Anon. (2006). Letters: “Increasing Disorder in the Scientific Rank”, The Guardian, Dec 22.
12. Williams, R.J.P. and da Silva, J.R.R. Frausto. (2008). The Chemistry of Evolution: the Development of our Ecosystem. Elsevier.
13. (a) Article. (1882), “Article” (full size), Punch’s Almanack (Dec. 6, 1881).
(b) Darwin, Charles. (1881). The Formation of the Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms. Publisher.

Further reading
● Broda, Engelbert. (1975). The Evolution of the Bioenergetic Processes. Pergamon Press.
● Hamilton, H.J. (1977). “A Thermodynamic Theory of the Origin and Hierarchical Evolution of Living Systems.” Zygon, 12: 289-335.
● Patterson, John. (1984). “Evolution and Thermodynamics”, in Scientists Confront Creationism (ch. 6, pgs. 99-116) by Laurie R. Godfrey. W. W. Norton & Co.
● Campbell, J.H. (1988). “Evolution as Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Halfway There?” In: B.H. Weber, D.J. Depew and J.D. Smith (Eds.), Entropy, Information and Evolution, pgs. 257-84, (Cambridge: MIT Press).
● (a) Kaila, Ville R.I. and Annila, Arto. (2008). “Natural Selection for Least Action”, Proceedings of the Royal Society A.
(b) Zyga, Lisa. (2008). “Evolution as Described by the Second Law of Thermodynamics”, Aug 11, PhysOrg.com.

External links
● Evolution – Wikipedia.