In human thermodynamics, Georg Ferdinand Helm (1851-1923) was a German mathematical physicist, of the Dresden school, noted for his 1887 book The Doctrine of Energy, arguing that the hypothesis of atomism was an unnecessary hypothesis and that the science of energy and entropy was all that was need to uniform physics; a book that contained an appended final chapter on the extension of the energy principle to social theory and economics, traversing the hierarchy of physical energy to vital energy to social energy. [1] On the subject of economic thermodynamics, for instance, Helm postulated that money was the economic equivalent of the lowest form of "social entropy". In another sense, Helm, supposedly, was the first to argue that money constitutes the economic equivalent of "low entropy". This latter view, however, may have been a mis-translation by Romanian mathematician Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. [5]

In 1881, Helm married Elise Zeuner, the daughter of German physicist Gustav Zeuner, the creator of technical thermodynamics and founder of the Dresden school of thermodynamics.

Education
Helm studied mathematics at Dresden Polytechnic during the years 1867 and 1872. He completed his PhD at the University of Leipzig in 1881. He then became professor of analytical geometry, mechanics and mathematics, and physics at Dresden University of Technology from 1888 to 1922.

Ostwald
Helm’s work attracted the attention of German physical chemist Wilhelm Ostwald who adopted Helm’s precept that “in the last analysis everything that happens is nothing but changes in energy. [3] This principle view, supposedly, was utilized by Ostwald, in his 1909 book Energetic Bases of Cultural Studies, to argue that the function of law, commerce, government, and language were the transformations of “crude” energy into “useful” energy with a minimum of waste. [4]

References
1. (a) Helm, Georg F. (1887). The Doctrine of Energy (Die Lehre von der Energy). Leipzig: Felix.
(b) Mirowski, Philip. (1989). More Heat than Light – Economics as Social Physics, Physics as Nature’s Economics (pgs. 267-28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Georg Helm - Technical University at Dresden.
3. Lindsay, Robert B. (1976). Applications of Energy: Nineteenth Century (pg. 339). Dowden, Huthchinson, and Roth.
4. Ostwald, Wilhelm. (1909). Energetic Bases of Cultural Studies (Energetische Grundlagen der Kulturwissenschaften). Leipzig: Duncker.
5. Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas. (1971). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (pg. 283). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Further reading
● Deltete, Robert J. (2005). “Die Lehre von der Energie: Georg Helm’s Energetic Manifesto”. Centaurus, Vol. 47, Issue 2, pgs. 140-62.

External links
● Georg Helm – Wikipedia.
● Georg Helm – Technical University of Dresden (German → English)