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Jacobus van’t Hoff
In the history of chemistry, Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff (1852-1911) was a Dutch physical chemist noted his work in 1884 Études de Dynamique chimique ("Studies in Chemical Dynamics"), in which he described a new method for determining the order of a reaction using graphics, and applied the laws of thermodynamics to chemical equilibria. [1] Of importance in this paper, van’t Hoff showed the chemists how thermodynamics could be applied to their science, especially with reference to ideas on affinity. [2] In his work, he drew the distinction between chemical kinetics and chemical thermodynamics and showed that the maximum external work obtained when a chemical reaction was carried out reversibly and isothermally could serve as a measure of chemical affinity. [2] This was similar in theory to the 1882 work of German physician and physicist Hermann von Helmholtz who called such maximum work “free energy”. [3] In the early 20th century, American Gilbert Lewis proposed that this term be restricted to mean “work available for use”. [2] References
1. vant’ Hoff, Jacobus H. (1884). Études de Dynamique chimique ("Studies in Chemical Dynamics"), Amsterdam: F. Muller & Co.
2. Leicester, Henry M. (1956). The Historical Background of Chemistry, (pg. 206). New York: Dover (reprint).
3. (a) Quote: "Given the unlimited validity of Clausius' law, it would then be the value of the free energy, not that of the total energy resulting from heat production, which determineds in which sense the chemical affinity can be active."
(b) Source: Helmholtz, H. v. "Die Thermodynamic Chemischer Vorgange," (The Thermodynamics of Chemical Operations) SB, pg. 23, pg. 22-29, in Wissenschaftlich Abhandlundgen von Hermann von Helmholtz. 3 vols. Leipzig: J.A. Barth, 1882-95.
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