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Nanothermodynamics
In thermodynamics, nanothermodynamics is the thermodynamical study of phenomenon and processes at the nanometer scale (nanoscale), in which systems are in the in size range of 
meters (nanosystems), often consisting of a countable number of particles (nanoparticles), each with a discernable structure. Significant aspects unique to nanosystems, from the thermodynamic point of view, include their high surface-to-volume ratio, in which "surface effects" become increasingly important with decreasing size, and “fluctuations”, such as temperature fluctuations, among others. Nanothermodynamics, in short, is the application of the principles and laws of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to the prediction of the properties and performances of nanoscale structures in small molecular systems. [1]
History
The question of the issue of the application of thermodynamics on the nanoscale began to emerge after the nucleation reaction was discovered in the early 1930s. [2] The term nanothermodynamics was introduced in 2001 by American chemist and biophysicist Terrell Hill; themed to be a shortened version of the older phrase “small system thermodynamics” used by Hill beginning in 1963 to designate the subject of the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of systems of colloidal particles, polymers, or macromolecules. [3] In May 2004, one of the first courses on nanothermodynamics was taught by American biochemical engineering professor Ali Mansoori to a large group of university professors, scientists, and graduate students at the University of Illinois at Chicago. [1]
References
1. Mansoori, G. Ali. (2005). Principles of Nanotechnology: Molecular-based Study of Condensed Matter in Small Systems, (chapter 3: “Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics of Small Systems”, pgs. 84-114). World Scientific.
2. Feshbach, H. (1987). Physics Today, 40, 9.
3. (a) Hill, Terrell, L., (2001). “Nanothermodynamics”, Nanoletters, 1, 111, 273.
(b) Wang, C.X. and Yang, G.W. (2005). “Thermodynamics of Metastable Phase Nucleation at the Nanoscale” (section 2: Nanothermodynamics), Materials Science and Engineering R, 49, 157-202.
meters (nanosystems), often consisting of a countable number of particles (nanoparticles), each with a discernable structure. Significant aspects unique to nanosystems, from the thermodynamic point of view, include their high surface-to-volume ratio, in which "surface effects" become increasingly important with decreasing size, and “fluctuations”, such as temperature fluctuations, among others. Nanothermodynamics, in short, is the application of the principles and laws of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to the prediction of the properties and performances of nanoscale structures in small molecular systems. [1]History
The question of the issue of the application of thermodynamics on the nanoscale began to emerge after the nucleation reaction was discovered in the early 1930s. [2] The term nanothermodynamics was introduced in 2001 by American chemist and biophysicist Terrell Hill; themed to be a shortened version of the older phrase “small system thermodynamics” used by Hill beginning in 1963 to designate the subject of the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of systems of colloidal particles, polymers, or macromolecules. [3] In May 2004, one of the first courses on nanothermodynamics was taught by American biochemical engineering professor Ali Mansoori to a large group of university professors, scientists, and graduate students at the University of Illinois at Chicago. [1]
References
1. Mansoori, G. Ali. (2005). Principles of Nanotechnology: Molecular-based Study of Condensed Matter in Small Systems, (chapter 3: “Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics of Small Systems”, pgs. 84-114). World Scientific.
2. Feshbach, H. (1987). Physics Today, 40, 9.
3. (a) Hill, Terrell, L., (2001). “Nanothermodynamics”, Nanoletters, 1, 111, 273.
(b) Wang, C.X. and Yang, G.W. (2005). “Thermodynamics of Metastable Phase Nucleation at the Nanoscale” (section 2: Nanothermodynamics), Materials Science and Engineering R, 49, 157-202.
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