In human thermodynamics, psychodynamics is the study of mental processes, namely conscious and sub-conscious dynamics, as these related to basic human drives and instincts, according to the first and second law of thermodynamics. [1][3] In the 1969 words of English child attachment psychologist John Bowlby, who adamantly objected to Frued's “dynamic view of psychology”, psychodynamics is defined as:

“[The dynamic view is] propositions concerning psychological energy or psychological forces; concepts such as conservation of energy, entropy, direction and magnitude of forces, [in conjunction with] a principle of inertia.”

In a modern medical sense, psychodynamics is the systematized study and theory of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation and the functional significance of emotion. [11]

The science of psychodynamics stem from the interaction and synergy of ideas between Ernst von Brücke (Freud's medical school adviser), German physician, physicist, and co-founder of the first law of thermodynamics Hermann von Helmholtz (Brücke's medical school friend) and Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. From this foundation, Freud absorbed the logic that the universal law of the conservation of force (i.e. kraft or energy), as defined by the first law of thermodynamics applied to mental life, particularly at the subconscious level. The second law or entropy aspect of this view, i.e. psychic entropy, was developed later by Freud's associate Carl Jung. [4]

Etymology
The etymology of the term "psychodynamics" likely stems from or was influenced in its synthesis and developmental use by the 1860 publication of Elemente der Psychophysik (Elements of Psychophysics) by German physicist and psychologist Gustav Fechner, who coined the term “psychophysics” as the study of the relation between physical stimuli and the intensity of perception of the stimuli. [12] The term "psychodynamics", however, was not used immediately. Early prototype synonyms include: the "dynamic view" or "mental dynamics" (Freud, 1923), "psychic energism and dynamism" (Jung, 1928), the "psychical energy model" (Bowlby, 1969), "dynamic psychology", or "energy psychology". According to a 1979 translation, psychodynamics refers to the forces, motives, and energy generated by the deepest of human needs. [13]

The term "psychological thermodynamics", in a modern clarifying sense, as sub-branch of human thermodynamics, is an apt term. A rare term "psycho-thermodynamics" or psychothermodynamics, coined in about 1997 by Internet writer Lyle Zapato, who humorously states that he received his MA in psychothermodynamics from Kelvinic University (a play on William Thomson, i.e. Lord Kelvin). [14]

Overview
At the heart of psychological processes, according to Freud, is the ego, which he sees battling with three forces: the id, the super-ego, and the outside world. [8] Hence, the basic psychodynamic model focuses on the dynamic interactions between the id, ego, and superego. [9] Psychodynamics, subsequently, attempts to explain or interpret behavior or mental states in terms of innate emotional forces or processes. In his writings about the "engines of human behavior", Freud used the German word Trieb, a word that can be translated into English as either instinct or drive. [10]

History
The origins of the science of psychodynamics stem from the 1874 publication of Lectures on Physiology by German physiologist Ernst von Brücke who, in coordination with physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, one of the formulators of the first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy), supposed that all living organisms are energy-systems also governed by this principle. During this year, at the University of Vienna, Brücke served as supervisor for first-year medical student Sigmund Freud who adopted this new "dynamic" physiology. In his Lectures on Physiology, Brücke set forth the radical view that the living organism is a dynamical system to which the laws of chemistry and physics apply. [2] This was the starting point for Freud's dynamic psychology of the mind and its relation to the unconscious. [2] The origins of Freud’s basic model, based on the fundamentals of chemistry and physics, according to John Bowlby, stems from Brücke, Meynert, Breuer, Helmholtz, and Herbart. [3]

From these early beginings, by the turn of the century, psychologists around the world were in pursuit of "psychological laws" based on the laws of Energetik. [5] In Russia, for instance, Krainsky's volume on the "Law of Conservation of Energy applied to Psychical Activity" appeared in 1897. In the decades to follow, energy, according to the doctrine of “Energetics”, was the only enduring reality, being capable of assuming, or transforming itself into, many different modes or species of which consciousness or psychical energy is a part. All mental processes were thus conceived as the interplay of psychical energy with other species of energy. [6]

In the 1950s, American psychiatrist Eric Berne built on Freud's psychodynamic model, particularly that of the "ego states", to develop a psychology of human interactions called transactional analysis. [7] Transactional analysis, according to physician James R. Allen, is a "cognitive behavioral approach to treatment and that it is a very effective way of dealing with internal models of self and others as well as other psychodynamic issues." [7] The theory was popularized in the 1964 book Games People Play, a book that sold five-million copies, giving way to such catch phrases as “Boy, has he got your number” and others.

References
1. (a) Psychodynamics (1874): (1) the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior and mental states; (2) explanation or interpretation, as of behavior or mental states, in terms of mental or emotional forces or processes; (3) motivational forces acting especially at the unconscious level. Source: Merriam-Webster, 2000, CD-ROM, version 2.5.
(b) Thims, Libb. (2007). Human Chemistry (Volume One), (preview), (pgs. 261-64). Morrisville, NC: LuLu.
(c) Thims, Libb. (2007). Human Chemistry (Volume Two), (preview), (section: "Psychodynamics", pgs. 675-77). Morrisville, NC: LuLu.
(d) Freud, Sigmund (1923). The Ego and the Id (pgs. 4-5). W.W. Norton & Company.
(e) Hall, Calvin, S. (1954). A Primer in Freudian Psychology. Meridian Book.
2. Hall, Calvin, S. (1954). A Primer in Freudian Psychology. Meridian Book.
3. Bowlby, John (1999). Attachment and Loss: Vol I, 2nd Ed. (pgs. 13-23). Basic Books.
4. Hall, Calvin S.; Nordby, Vernon J. (1999). A Primer of Jungian Psychology. New York: Meridian.
5. Adams, Henry, and Brooks, Adams. (1910). "A Letter to American Teachers of History", Kessinger Publishing (reprint).
6. McDougall, William. (1932) Body and Mind – A History and a Defense of Animism, 3rd ed.(pg. 130). New York: International Publishers.
7. Berne, Eric (1964). Games People Play – The Basic Hand Book of Transactional Analysis. New York: Ballantine Books.
8. Freud, Sigmund (1923). The Ego and the Id (pgs. 4-5). W.W. Norton & Company.
9. Ahles, Scott, R. (2004). Our Inner World: A Guide to Psychodynamics and Psychotherapy (1-2). John Hopkins University Press.
10. Walsh, Anthony (1991). The Science of Love - Understanding Love and its Effects on Mind and Body. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books.
11. Stedman, Thomas Lathrop. (1995). Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 26th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
12. (a) Freud’s Psycho Dynamic Theory (1873-1923) – Institute of Human Thermodynamics.
(b) Fechner, Gustav T. (1860). Elements of Psychophysics (1966 English ed.). Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
13. Klimek, David. (1979). Beneath Mate Selection and Marriage – the Unconscious Motives in Human Pairing, (pg. 3). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
14. (a) ZPi Research Labs – Zapatopi.net.
(b) Lyle Zapato – Zapatopi.net.

External links
● Psychodynamics – Wikipedia.
● Psychodynamics - McGraw-Hill Science Tech Dictionary.
● Psychodynamics – Microsoft Encarta.