Change:  ● Jaffe, K. and Fonck, C. (1994). “Energetics of Social Phenomena: Physics applied to Evolutionary Biology.” IL Nuovo Cimento, 16: 543-53. ● Scafetta, Nicola, Hamilton, Patti, and Grigolini, Paolo. (2001). "The Thermodynamics of Social Processes: the Teen Birth Phenomenon" (PDF). Fractals, Vol. 9,   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 1086)

Change: There were only format changes (bold, italics, etc.) in this version. See this version for details. (Word count: 1040)

Change:  In the late 1970s, some began to model social systems from a "far-from-equilibrium" dissipative structure point of view, along the lines of Belgian chemist Ilya Prigogine's non-equilibrium type of thermodynamics. [3] In 1978, Russian physical chemist Georgi Gladyshev outline a theory of hierarchical thermodynamics theory in   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 1039)

Change: , applicable to the entire universe.In 1910, on the logic of the degredation view of the second law of thermodynamics,thermodynamics introduced by Brooks Adams in 1895, American historian Henry Adams defined the loose subject of human thermodynamics, to be the physical-chemical explanation   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 942)

Change: science can only discover tendencies in human interaction never as immutably consistent as physical laws. Hence, any analog to a physical law ever applicablesciences andgenerally illuminatingtend to sociology, can only regard anydiscover tendencies ofin human interaction, never a law by the standardsmost of physics.   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 938)

Change: Of course the humanities have always remained long and away from the specificity and precision of hard science. Indeed, social science can only discover tendencies   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 975)

Change: SocialSociological thermodynamics can be approached from a number of directions. American anthropologist Eugene Ruyle, who has spent over forty-years investigating this topic, for instance, defines "social thermodynamics" as the combination of ecological energetics with Marx's labor theory of value. [5]HistoryIn the 1820s, French sociologist Auguste Compte   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 891)

Change: A Letter to American Teachers of History (1910) In the 1960s, the concept of "social entropy" began to emerge in various publications.The specific term "social thermodynamics", however, seems to have not been used until the publication of 1972 book Politics in Science by author   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 891)

Change:  University of Paderborn.External links● Thermodynamic Principles for Social Sciences - an Introduction (Douglas R. White). ● Hagens, Nate and Bradford, Jason (interviewer). (2008). “Nate Hagens and the Maximum Power Principles: Energy Supply, Economics, Ecology and Evolution, Neuroscience, Sociology and Evolution” (audio), Reality Report, 30 June.   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 901)

Change: Renamed from Social thermodynamics by Sadi-Carnot Jan 16 2009, 1:16 PM EST for: more general