In thermodynamics, unitless thermodynamics is the use of thermodynamic formula or variables, stripped of SI units, but instead used with new units, no units, or some other situationally-based choice of units. Individuals in this obscure and very questionable group include: American electrical engineer Claude Shannon (1948), who infamously choose to measure entropy in bits, Nikos Salingaros (1997), and Australian environmental chemist Ivan Kennedy (2001).