Hmolscience | Alumni ● Albion Small (1854-1926) – founded the sociology department of the University of Chicago (1892) and founded the American Journal of Sociology (1895); his 1899 article “A ‘Unit’ in Sociology” argued that ‘general sociology’ might be able to be defined in the future as ‘the science of human atoms and their behavior’, on the model of ‘general chemistry’, which is defined as the science of atoms and their behavior. ● Frank Carlton (1873-1961) - studied with Albion Small and others at the University of Chicago’s newly burgeoning sociology department; his 1912 “History-Making Forces” argues for the inception of the sciences of the sciences of social mechanics, social physics and social chemistry; he elaborates further in his 1920 Elementary Economics. ● Paul Samuelson (1915-2009) – completed his undergraduate work at the University of Chicago; and would go on in his 1941 Nobel-Prize winning PhD dissertation to use thermodynamic models and chemical models such, as Le Chatelier’s principle, to explain that in a system (chemical or economic) the changes in the equilibrium is a constrained maximization problem when one of the constraints is marginally tightened or relaxed and thus solved by the “variation principle”. ● Elihu Fein (c.1916-c.2006) – completed his MS in physics at the University of Chicago and his 1970 “Demography and Thermodynamics” outlines a type of molecular sociology in which social activity is defined as being analogous to molecular activity and uses concepts such as adiabatic and entropy in social systems. ● Harold Nieburg (1927-2001) – completed PhD in political science at the University of Chicago (1960); his 1973 Cultural Storm outlines aspects of political thermodynamics. ● Stephen Berry (1931-) – noted for his 1971 “thermodynamic analysis of society” theory; physical chemistry professor of the University of Chicago, since 1964. ● John Avery (1933-) – completed his MS in physics at the University of Chicago (1954); his 2003 Information Theory and Evolution explains human existence thermodynamically, such as along the lines of John Neumann’s circa 1950 free energyautomaton theory.