Two salient difficulties on Stenger’s big bang thermodynamics models are firstly his unassuming equation of
entropy with
disorder, which is only a statistical mechanical approximation (Boltzmann-Planck approximation of
Boltzmann chaos assumption) valid only in certain cases and under certain types of entropy change, and secondly his definition of the universe as a “
closed system”, which technically means a
system surrounded by a
boundary across which
energy, in the form of
work or
heat, but not
matter may pass. On the latter terminology, it is likely “
isolated system” to which Stenger meant to define the universe (a common slip), as there do not exist any known theories that purport the universe to be being acted on by transfers or passages of energy, heat, or work (aside from fringe wormhole theories, parallel universe theories, or multiverse theories, etc.).
(b) Stenger, Victor J. (2007). God: the Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist (ch. 4: Cosmic Evidence, pg. 113-36). Prometheus Books.
3. (a) Stenger, Victor. (1997). “Quantum Quackery” (
Ѻ), Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, Jan/Feb.
(b) Musolino, Julien. (2015).
The Soul Fallacy: What Science Shows We Gain from Letting Go of Our Soul Beliefs (foreword:
Victor Stenger) (pg. 124). Prometheus.
-