Left: an ontic opening humor jab on Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, used socially. Right: an ontic opening themed cartoon (Ѻ) on Kurt Godel’s 1931 incompleteness theorem.

Theory | Principle | Model	Date	Theorist	Summary | Assertion	Rebuttal | Disproof
Chance	400BC	Greek philosopher	Said to derive from Greek atomic theory.	● Lawrence Henderson (1913) dismissed as a false assertion; the correct assertion being that the property of entropy maximization (or free energy minimization, in evolutionary terms) of matter and energy organizes the universe in space and time.
Swerve of the atom (Clinamen)	300BC	Epicurus	Proposed that certain atoms "serve" thus giving humans free will.
Teleology	322BC	Aristotle	Argues that all phenomena have a final cause, i.e. desired or optimal end location in the universe, which is its purpose.	Has been defined as a “dead” theoretical option in biology (John Wilkins, 1997), in physics and chemistry (John Hawthorne, 2005), and in sociology (Water Runciman, 2005); and since superseded by waves and tides framed directional movements towards free energy minimization point theory.
Emergent property	1843	John Mill
Entropy	1865	Rudolf Clausius	Dozens of “entropy antonym” theories, into the 21st century, have sprouted: extropy (1900 | Georg Hirth), ectropy (1910 | Felix Auerbach), negentropy (1950 | Leon Brillouin), anti-entropy (1951 | Pierre Teilhard), etc.	This, generally, is but the result of confusion about entropy, most assuming it is but the tendency towards disorder; the correct focus is on "Gibb energy" the quantitative measure of change of state of order.
Radioactivity	1896	Henri Becquerel	Discovered that uranium emits radiation, “unpredictably” (randomly), without any need for excitation by an external energy source; thereafter some (e.g. Ettore Majorana, 1935) began to use the “unpredictable” aspect of radioactive clicking of the meter to develop “chance” based philosophies of sociology and human nature.	Dismissed by the fact that social systems are not uranium based; Richard Feynman (1985), e.g., stated that all of existence, social existence included, aside from gravitational phenomena and radioactivity, can be explained by the theory of light and matter (or photons and electrons) otherwise known as quantum electrodynamics.
Uncertainty principle	1927	Werner Heisenberg	Claimed to overthrow: the principle of causality (Heisenberg, 1930), thereby seemingly inserting "indeterminism" into science; the idea that natural phenomena obey exact laws (Heisenberg, 1930); and Laplacian determinism (Compton, 1935)	● Dean Wooldridge (1968): “Even the existence among the laws of a principle of indeterminacy limiting the precision with which the future can be predicted does not permit entry of caprice into the world of the physical scientist. Within a calculable and frequently very narrow range of uncertainty, the future is completely determined by the past. Given the laws and the particles, all else follows inexorably.” ● Steven Weinberg (1992) dismissed, in his Scrooge Tiny Tim dialogue, as a false extension.
Quantum mechanics	1930s			Murray Gell-Mann (1994) used the term "quantum flapdoodle" to describe abuses of quantum mechanics to support extraordinary claims. [5]
Incompleteness theorem	1931	Kurt Godel
Self-organization	1943	Ross Ashby		● Friedrich Cramer (1993: the notion of “self-organization” lets the metaphysical into physics (see: ontic openings) and hence justifies the notion of creation by god.
Cybernetics	1948	Norbert Wiener	The model of mechanical feedback, in the sense of the method by which an oarsman steers a ship, has given rise to all sorts of ontic opening theories. (Ѻ)
Information theory	1949	Claude Shannon	After being told by John Neumann that he should call his new coding formula for the sending of 1s and 0s, i.e. Boolean algebra based information, in telegraph wires, by the name "entropy", superficially drawing a parallel to Boltzmann entropy of thermodynamics, the so-called Shannon bandwagon took of, one that many still ride today, allowing anyone to argue about anything.	● Dirk ter Haar (1954) dismissed as having nothing to do with thermodynamics; retracted by Shannon (1956) himself has something that is “not relevant to psychology, economics, and other social sciences”.
General systems theory	1950s	Ludwig Bertalanffy
Unique events	1958	Walter Elsasser
Far-from-equilibrium Fluctuations/Bifurcations	1970s	Ilya Prigogine	The Benard cell (1900) phenomenon of so-called "far-from-equilibrium" formation of "order" (hexagonal cell patterns) from "disorder" (randomly moving silicon atoms), past a certain Reynold's number of heat input, alludes to the view that before the fluctuation and or bifurcation, determinism and predictability exist, but at or after the bifurcation (or bifurcation point), indeterminism and unpredictablity exist, and there by semblance of materialistic "choice" and or free will exists.	● Georgi Gladyshev (1979) dismissed as but "mathematical fantasies" devoid of any real world application; societies, in short, are not made of silicon or whale oil, nor heated "continuously" (but cyclically) on a hotplate (but by the sun).
Ascendency	1979	Robert Ulanowicz
Chaos theory	1990s	Edward Lorenz	Arguments, such as the "butterfly effect", assert that social systems are at the "edge of chaos", according to which slight changes to initial conditions, bring about unpredictably large end result changes.	Fell off, in popularity, into the 2000s.

An explicit religious use of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, as an ontic opening, to validate the premise of “free will”, thereby giving comforting, albeit vacuous, justification of the premise that people have the ability to freely “choose” between good and evil or right and wrong; thereby substantiating the classical models of the soul and or karma based religion.