In thought experiments, a scientific demon is an imagined being, a scientific metaphor of sorts, tending to be in possession of an extremely heightened intellect, that is able to do super-human calculations, of different varieties, often able to predict the future and or the past. Some have categorized the study of these types of "scientific demons", namely: Maxwell’s demon, Smoluchowski’s demon, Godel’s demon, Ehrenfest’s demon, etc., as “endophysics”. [1] The following chronology table outlines the history of scientific demons:

Date	Name	Inventor	Description	Implication

c.1700	Leibniz’s prophet	Gottfried Leibniz (see: Euler genealogy)	A proto-precursor to Laplace’s demon. [3]
1770	Holbach's geometrician	Baron d'Holbach	The exact forerunner to Laplace, who studied under Holbach, and his later 1814 demon
c.1770	Boscovich’s finite mind	Roger Boscovich	A proto-precursor to Laplace’s demon. [3]
1814	Laplace’s demon	Pierre Laplace	An intellect if it knew the precise location an momentum of every atom in the universe, then, using Newton’ laws of motion, could reveal the entire course of cosmic events, past and future. [5]	Laplacian determinism (see: determinism)
1867	Maxwell’s demon	James Maxwell	An intelligent being that is able to "see" the speeds of atoms and molecules (in a gas), and thus separate them into slow (cold) and fast (hot) groupings, and thus circumvent the governing regulation of the second law.	Irreversibility
c.1869	Huxley's demon	Thomas Huxley	A sufficient intellect, with knowledge of the properties of the molecules and forces possessed by the molecules of the primitive nebulosity (see: nebular hypothesis) could predict the state of fauna of Great Britain with as much certainty as one could predict the vapor of one’s breath on a cold winter day. [9]	Evolution (nebular hypothesis)
c.1898	Filon-Pearson demon (superluminal relativistic Maxwell demon)	Louis Filon (and Karl Pearson) 1900 version → [10]
1912	Smoluchowski’s demon	Marian Smoluchowski	A type of conceptualized type of Maxwell demon trap door that "vibrates" owing to Brownian motion energy impacts. [7]
1927	Ehrenfest’s demon	Paul Ehrenfest	[2]
1929	Szilard’s demon	Leo Szilard	A Maxwell demon that requires or utilizes energy to "see" the movements of the particles.	Is argued (by many) to connect "information", and hence information theory, with thermodynamics.
1931	Godel’s demon	Kurt Godel	[4]
1999	Protein demon	Werner Loewenstein	[8]
2007	Advanced intelligence (Gibbsian demon)	Libb Thims	A type of advanced “intellect”, possibly a 30-40 element molecule (in the sense that a human is a less-intelligent 26-element molecule), that would be able to look down at us and measure and calculate our reactions to each other (in terms of thermodynamic variables) the way we do in calculating statevariables in thermodynamic tables. [6]	Thermodynamic determinism: An entity that is able "predict" human chemical reactions, in the same way we predict chemical reactions by measuring free energy.

References
1. (a) Casti, J.L. and Karlqvist, Anders. (1987). Real Brains, Artificial Minds (pg. 44). North-Holland.
(b) Rossler, Otto E. (1998). Endophysics: the World as an Interface (pg. 31). World Scientific.
2. Rossler, Otto E. (1998). Endophysics: the World as an Interface (pg. 31). World Scientific.
3. Laplace’s demon (by Robert Doyle) – InformationPhilospher.com.
4. (a) Casti, J.L. and Karlqvist, Anders. (1987). Real Brains, Artificial Minds (pg. 44). North-Holland.
(b) Kontopoulos, Kyriakos M. (2006). The Logics of Social Structure (pg. 17). Cambridge University Press.
5. Ulanowicz, Robert E. (1986). Growth and Development - Ecosystems Phenomenology (pg. 2-3). New York: toExcell Press.
6. (a) Thims, Libb. (2007). Human Chemistry (Volume One) (pg. 16-18). Morrisville, NC: LuLu.
(b) Thims, Libb. (2008). The Human Molecule (ch. Advanced Intelligence Perspective, pgs. 39-42)(issuu) (preview) (Google Books) (docstoc). LuLu.
7. Norton, John D. (2010). “When a Good Theory meets a Bad Idealization: the Failure of the Thermodynamics of Computation”, Pitt University.
8. Loewenstein, Werner R. (1999). The Touchstone of Life: Molecular Information, Cell Communication, and (§: The Recharging of Protein Demons, pgs. 77-). Oxford University Press.
9. Bergson, Henri. (1911). Creative Evolution (pg. 44). H. Holt and Co.
10. (a) Pearson, Karl. (1900). The Grammar of Science (§:Note VII: On the Reversibility of Natural Processes, pg. 540). Publisher.
(b) The Grammar of Science – Wikipedia.