A visual synopsis of the years in which god was disabused from physics (1802), specifically in celestial mechanics, by Pierre Laplace (see: Napoleon Laplace anecdote), and chemistry (1885), specifically in general chemistry, by Johannes Wislicenus. |
“I had no need of that [god] hypothesis.”— Pierre Laplace (1802), response to Napoleon why the divine was not found in his new celestial mechanics book (see: Napoleon Laplace anecdote)
“That [god statement] must disappear!”— Johannes Wislicenus (1885), order to his guide, during his orientation tour of the University of Leipzig, as the new chemistry professor successor to Hermann Kolbe, in reference to Kolbe’s Biblical quotation "God has arranged all things by measure and number and weight" (Wisdom of Solomon 11:20) in large letters, above the periodic table chart of the chemical elements at the front of his lecture theater (Ѻ)
Subject | Year | Person | Statement | |
__________________________ | ||||
1. | Physics | 1802 | Pierre Laplace | See also ● Napoleon Laplace anecdote |
2. | Moral science | 1809 | Johann Goethe | See also ● Moral symbols |
3. | Organic chemistry | 1828 | Friedrich Wohler | Organic synthesis (or urea) from inorganic components |
4. | Physiology | 1842 | Helmholtz school | “[We pledge] to put in power this truth: no other forces than the common physical chemical ones are active within the organism. In those cases which cannot at the time be explained by these forces one has either to find a specific way or form of their action by means of physical mathematical method, or to assume new forces equal in dignity to the chemical-physical forces inherent in matter, reducible to the force of attraction and repulsion.” See also ● Reymond-Brucke oath |
5. | Evolution | 1859 | Charles Darwin | |
6. | Thermodynamics | c.1875 | Franz Pisko | Stated somewhere, according to German physicist Ludwig Buchner (1891), that the modern science of the thermodynamics of force and matter had displaced or supplanted god; the following quote is representative of this:“And if the inscription on the ancient pyramid of Sais says, ‘I am all that is, that was, and that will be, no mortal man has yet removed the veil’, it might be replied thereto, that modern science has removed the veil and has discovered that force and matter were, are, and will be.” |
7. | Chemistry | 1885 | Johannes Wislicenus | |
8. | Psychology | 1895 | Sigmund Freud | “The intention is to furnish a psychology that shall be a natural science; that is, to represent psychical [mental] processes as a quantitatively, free energy [G] and bound energy [-TS], determinate states of specifiable material particles.” See also ● A Project for Scientific Psychology |
9. | Mathematics | c.1920 | David Hilbert | “Mathematics is a presuppositionless science. To found it I do not need god, as does Kronecker, or the assumption of a special faculty of our understanding attuned to the principle of mathematical induction, as does Poincaré, or the primal intuition of Brouwer, or, finally, as do Russell and Whitehead, axioms of infinity, reducibility, or completeness, which in fact are actual, contentual assumptions that cannot be compensated for by consistency proofs.” — David Hilbert (c.1920), Die Grundlagen der Mathematik (Ѻ) |
10. | Physics (General) | 1927 | Paul Dirac | Religion is a kind of opium that allows a nation to lull itself into wishful dreams and so forget the injustices that are being perpetrated against the people. Hence the close alliance between those two great political forces, the State and the Church. Both need the illusion that a kindly God rewards — in heaven if not on earth — all those who have not risen up against injustice, who have done their duty quietly and uncomplainingly. That is precisely why the honest assertion that God is a mere product of the human imagination is branded as the worst of all mortal sins.” See also ● God does not play dice |
11. | Sociology | 1933 | Paul Dirac | “Any further assumption implied by belief in a god which one may have in one’s faith is inadmissible from the point of view of modern science, and should not be needed in a well-organized society.” |
12. | Natural selection | 1934 | Harold Blum | The general reason for abandoning or neglecting this concept has been the failure, thus far, to demonstrate the existence of the necessary directing factor outside of the theological doctrine; and one may suspect that fear of leaning too closely to such doctrine has caused most biologists to ‘shy off’ from orthogenesis. It will be the aim of the writer to indicate the actual existence of a directing factor in evolutionary processes, while at the same time avoiding all necessity of invoking theological concepts.” [1] |
13. | Biology (General) | 1938 | Charles Sherrington (partial disabusement) | The bio-logist knows this intuitive inference as native, even to a primitive mind. Movement accepted as spontaneous implies living. And the motion of the planets seemed to be spontaneous. Their movement told men that they were alive. All stars might be alive, but of them all the planets most so. The other stars were ‘fixed’, that is, relatively to each other did not move. When physics and chemistry, however, enter on their description of the perceptible, life disappears from the scene, and consequently death. Both are anthropisms. It is of no use asking physics and chemistry whether [something] is alive. They do not understand the word.” |
14. | Genetics | 1966 | Francis Crick | “Let us abandon the world ‘alive’.” |
15. | Biology (General + Origin) | 2009 | Libb Thims (full disabusement) | See also ● Defunct theory of life ● Life does not exist ● Life terminology upgrades |
16. | Physics → Big bang | 2012 | Stephen Hawking | “When people ask me if a god created the universe, I tell them that the question itself makes no sense. Time didn’t exist before the big bang, so there is no time for god to make the universe in. It’s like asking directions to the edge of the earth; the earth is a sphere; it doesn’t have an edge; so looking for it is a futile exercise [see: karman line]. We are each free to believe what we want, and it’s my view that the simplest explanation is; there is no god. No one created our universe, and no one directs our fate. This leads me to a profound realization; There is probably no heaven, and no afterlife either. We have this one life to appreciate the grand design of the universe, and for that I am extremely grateful.” [2] |